Summary and strong respond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rundown and solid react - Essay Example A few states have been on the transition to totally get rid of the utilization of capital punishment while in different states moves have been made to constrain its utilization. For instance, The United States is one nation where utilization of capital punishment has been profoundly disputable and extraordinarily discussed (Walker 10). The death penalty has no confirmable preventive impact yet in genuine sense, it has caused death toll, and this may add to a pattern of brutality that raises murder rates. This misfortune is realized when an individual slaughters another, the indicted individual is executed, and this shows how capital punishment is exorbitant more than keeping sentenced killers in jail forever. There has been various situations where honest individuals have been sentenced unjustly because of absence of enough proof. This has prompted a few honest individuals being executed in light of the fact that there has been no standard rules with respect to which criminal would get a capital punishment. Litigants who were poor, an individual from a minority gathering, uneducated, or intellectually not well gotten capital punishment more regularly than the individuals who didn't fit these attributes (Walker 12). Before, a few states permitted the death penalty for violations, for example, assault, criminal attack, seizing, falsification, covering the demise or birth of a newborn child, and fire related crime. Each state has capital punishment that is utilized in instances of the main homicide degree. This arrangement of the death penalty settles in various states to be fixated on murdering individuals. It shows the exercise that a few people may execute others persistently, intentional ly, and with deliberation as long as they are the opportune individuals doing it for the correct reasons in the correct way ( Bedau 10). The facts demonstrate that such killings as a discipline are redundant, since there are a few entrenched elective techniques for discipline including long haul detainment that is utilized by most states around the world. The individuals who contend for the capital

Water Shotage Around the World Essay Example

Water Shotage Around the World Essay Example Water Shotage Around the World Essay Water Shotage Around the World Essay People expend water, dispose of it, harm it and waste it without thinking about the results. Providing enough water in the correct amount, at the ideal time and in the perfect spot has consistently been a worry. All of life relies upon water. It is as essential to life as air, food and daylight. Hence water has consistently assumed a significant job in human advancements since forever. Individuals can live for a considerable length of time without food yet won't get by for long without water. The issue with water is that there is a similar sum now as there was in pre-memorable occasions and no real way to make any longer of it.As the residents of Chennai have been seeing in the course of recent years, the city is still in the hold of an intense water lack. Two of the downpour took care of lakes that meet the citys needs-Poondi and Red slopes have seriously drained capacity inferable from the disappointment of the southwest storm and the upper east rainstorm a year ago and a third, sh olavaram, is dry. Big hauler trucks squeezed into administration by the Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB) and those run by private administrators are attempting to meet the people groups day by day needs, at any rate partially.The individuals of chennai get 35 liters of water for every capita in the best of times. Poor people, most of them living in ghettos, are the most noticeably awful influenced. They rely altogether upon the water gracefully frameworks. Groundwater is the citys significant water source now; It is drawn principally from the well-fields in the Araniyar-Kortakaiyar bowl and the spring among tiruvanmiyur and Muttukadu along the shore of south Chennai. Groundwater extraction is arriving at its cutoff points. As indicated by the Central Groundwater Board, 80% of Chennais groundwater has been exhausted and any further investigation could prompt salt water ingression.The guaranteed yield from groundwater sources is assessed at 190 million lit ers for each day (mld); of this, 158 mld has been tapped as of now. During the previous century, the World populace has significantly increased, and water use has expanded six-overlay. These progressions have come at incredible ecological cost: a large portion of the wetlands have vanished during the twentieth century; a few streams dont arrive at the ocean and 20% of the freshwater fish are jeopardized. These ecological outcomes additionally involve social and financial costs.While agribusiness utilizes increasingly more water each year, to fulfill the food needs of a developing populace, different clients are vieing for a similar water: more individuals implies more vitality required and more hydropower. Particularly in the western world, industrialization has had genuine and regularly negative impacts n water quality; at present worldwide markets move the most dirtying ventures to the creating nations, normally close to urban areas where populace development and unlawful settleme nts previously put a ton of focus on water resources.In 2020, 60% of the Worlds populace will be urban, a fixation that makes urban water framework advancement a very earnest issue. These are nevertheless one of the elements impacting the universes water assets, entangled by the way that they are interlinked, and cant be drawn closer independently. The projections are bleak: around the globe throughout the following twenty years, the normal gracefully of water per individual is relied upon to drop by a third and it as of now is in short supply.The United States extends that by the center of the following century, at any rate two billion individuals in sixty nations relying upon variables, for example, populace development and environmental change †will be truly shy of water. Meanwhile, the water quality will compound because of contamination and rising temperatures. Developing populaces, wastage of water, wasteful water system and contamination apply pressure on this asset. Con tamination and wastage are the essential dangers to this asset, the two of which we as individuals are capable for.Water lack and debasement is a developing worry for some, nations including the United States. Drinking water security is a major obligation that includes government, business and people. Everybody has a significant job in attempting to ensure the flexibly of water. Water is a fundamental need that all individuals need so as to endure. Without water, individuals could just go a couple of days to a couple of months before having genuine medical issues or even demise. One of the significant concerns in regards to water is if there will be sufficient water for the interest inside the following 25 to 50 years.With the assistance of offices, researchers and specialists, we as individuals may see that there will be a deficiency of water in the years to come. Today on the planet the main source of the water lack is the rising interest for water for the businesses and horticult ure (George, 1). On the earth today there is no more freshwater than there was 2,000 years back. At that point the populace was 3% of what it is today (Knight, 1). In 31 nations around the globe that contains close to an a large portion of a billion people face water deficiency with the most extreme being in the Middle East and Africa.By the year 2025 it is assessed that another 17 nations will be added to that rundown. A few scientists accept that additionally be the year 2025, 35% or 2. 8 billion individuals will confront lack. There are various reasons and reasons for what keeps on causing a deficiency of water. A portion of the water is being tainted with toxins. Horticulture is the greatest polluter where the poisons originate from the composts and pesticides utilized on the yields. The enterprises and civil contaminations are additionally a factor. In certain nations 90 to 9

How to Implement a Growth Hack - Focus

How to Implement a Growth Hack - Focus Growth if you’re working in tech, you would have at least heard of the term, but understanding why, when and how to implement a successful growth hack is a whole different kettle of fish. Interview with Michael Kranner, MeisterLabs Growth Marketer At MeisterLabs we recently started a new round of growth experiments. To find out more about the ins and outs of growth, and understand how to undertake your own experiments and then evaluate what works, we sat down with our very own growth guy, Michael Kranner, to talk us through how he’s implementing experiments with MeisterTask. So, growth hacking â€" what’s it all about? In one sentence, growth hacking, also known as growth engineering, growth marketing or just growth â€" as the name suggests â€" is about growing your business, company or start-up.  This could be in terms of your monthly active users, monthly recurring revenue (MRR), or whatever metric you decide you want to focus growth on. Like most SaaS companies, at MeisterLabs we focus on monthly recurring revenue. Whatsapp for example used to focus on the number of messages sent daily and Airbnb would monitor the number of nights booked. Once you have a product-market-fit, i.e. when your product works for at least a certain niche of the market, you know it’s time to start thinking about growth. Sounds good. So for a tech company looking into growth, where would you start? At MeisterLabs our growth team is the link between product development and marketing. For us, like lots of tech start-ups and companies, growth is about two main points: Firstly, making your user experience as great as possible. Once you’ve nurtured your product into something you love, of course you want your users to love it too. In fact, you want your users to come back every day to use it. This is a golden rule of growth marketing â€" retention. We want to offer an experience that our users enjoy coming back to. If they come back that means we’re offering a solution to a problem they have. If our product value is high enough, our users will start referring friends, colleagues, etc. A happy customer is a good customer. Secondly, analyzing user behaviour. We might have a hunch about why X is happening. We then dig into our analytics tool to look at user behaviour and patterns. Once we find data that confirms our hunch, we take a look at our product and see how we can improve it.   We’ll come up with a potential solution, and then we go out and test that growth hack. We draft an experiment, A/B test it for a relevant length of time (this could be a number of days or weeks), then evaluate the outcome. Hopefully, our assumption was proven correct and the growth hack is a success. We then implement the changes for all users, improving their experience with our product. However, often our assumptions can be completely wrong. In this case, we a) try to first figure out if our experiment design was crappy and then b) run a follow-on experiment. In either scenario, we would’ve learned something. Take us through how you’d implement a growth hack. We run a lot of experiments and these often involve every department of the MeisterLabs team: product development, marketing, design. Our MeisterTask growth hack project board is where we keep everything centrally organized. User onboarding, for example, is a key issue we look at in growth. You’ve gone to all that effort to get users signed up but then see the majority of users are gone again after a couple of days, never to be seen again. You need to create a positive first impression for users, orientating them to the tool quickly. If you’re struggling to keep users for longer than a couple of days, it might be that there’s something missing. Is the setting up process too complicated, perhaps too long or does it fail to focus on the most valuable features? We have five steps for working through an issue like this: The growth team will evaluate the current process, come up with a growth hack to fix it, design the experiment and establish what we’re testing for The design team will then take it over, make the new or amended process look pretty and most importantly, user-friendly Engineering will then implement these changes and run the experiment It then comes back round to the growth team as we evaluate the outcome and decide whether to implement the changes permanently If we decide to implement permanently, the changes need to be sent on to the marketing team to edit training materials and promote. That’s a lot of stages and people to manage. How do you keep things moving? Well, yes. That 5 step process means that one experiment can move around four different company departments before being completed. To keep everyone on the same page and keep the projects in motion, we have one central “Growth Experiments” project board in MeisterTask. We share this with all relevant team members. This allows us to work across different departments with limited hiccups, because at every stage the experiment task is assigned to one specific person. Once each stage is completed, such as the engineering implementation stage, the task is re-assigned to a colleague in the next team. In this example, the task would return to someone in the growth team. This process continues until the growth hack is completed. Other team members can “watch” the task’s progression, keeping everyone in the loop with how the experiment is developing. What’s more, the fact that one person is responsible for the task at every given stage means there’s accountability, ensuring that the experiment will get seen through. Whats covered on your Growth Experiment project board and how can readers replicate it? We have an experiment backlog in the form of a Google sheet where we store all of our experiments. From there, experiments get automatically synced to our MeisterTask “Growth Experiments” project board, using the Zapier integration. Our Growth Experiments project board consists of 6 sections: Backlog (Open) â€" experiments we have in the pipeline Backlog (Postponed) â€" experiments which were in the pipeline but weve either decided against or cant proceed with at this point, but may return to In Progress â€" an experiment we’re currently setting up and ready to launch Running â€" as the name suggests, an experiment which is already running Evaluating â€" experiments which have been running and now need analyzing Done and Live â€" experiments which have been found to be successful, so have been implemented permanently by the developers As experiments develop we move the tasks between the sections and all team members “watching” the experiment are notified about the move. Equally, when a new experiment is added to the backlog, Slack sends an automated message to our Slack growth channel via the integration, letting the rest of the team know. Of course what you’re testing for and how you’re testing for it will vary depending on what your data has been telling you. Once you’ve established what you’d like to test, in line with your product and goals, try applying our formula. First, set up a growth hack project board in MeisterTask. Invite the appropriate team members from across the growth, development, design and marketing teams, replicate the sections we’ve included and then go through the five steps. Whats your  one parting tip for readers embarking on their voyage of growth discovery? I would say always try to be analytical in your decisions. The aim is to develop a great product which your users love using as much as you do, but your growth strategy can’t be based on personal biases and hunches alone. Be data-driven and keep your experiments in check to truly evaluate experiment progression. That way you know and are honest about what’s actually not working and what’s helping you to grow. Some of your assumptions will be false and those experiments will inevitably fail but that’s all part of the process. In any case, your growth team will have learned something. Ship Your Growth Hacks with MeisterTask Get Started Its free! Get Started So there’s some insight from Michael Kranner, MeisterLabs’ growth marketer, on how we’re implementing growth experiments here at MeisterLabs, and how you can too, using a MeisterTask project board. As always, share your questions in the comments below and let us know how you get on! If you enjoyed this article you might also like  A beginner’s guide to growth hacking  from MindMeister lead developer Laura Bârladeanu Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit A beginners guide to growth hackings guide to growth hacking on MindMeister. How to Implement a Growth Hack - Focus Growth if you’re working in tech, you would have at least heard of the term, but understanding why, when and how to implement a successful growth hack is a whole different kettle of fish. Interview with Michael Kranner, MeisterLabs Growth Marketer At MeisterLabs we recently started a new round of growth experiments. To find out more about the ins and outs of growth, and understand how to undertake your own experiments and then evaluate what works, we sat down with our very own growth guy, Michael Kranner, to talk us through how he’s implementing experiments with MeisterTask. So, growth hacking â€" what’s it all about? In one sentence, growth hacking, also known as growth engineering, growth marketing or just growth â€" as the name suggests â€" is about growing your business, company or start-up.  This could be in terms of your monthly active users, monthly recurring revenue (MRR), or whatever metric you decide you want to focus growth on. Like most SaaS companies, at MeisterLabs we focus on monthly recurring revenue. Whatsapp for example used to focus on the number of messages sent daily and Airbnb would monitor the number of nights booked. Once you have a product-market-fit, i.e. when your product works for at least a certain niche of the market, you know it’s time to start thinking about growth. Sounds good. So for a tech company looking into growth, where would you start? At MeisterLabs our growth team is the link between product development and marketing. For us, like lots of tech start-ups and companies, growth is about two main points: Firstly, making your user experience as great as possible. Once you’ve nurtured your product into something you love, of course you want your users to love it too. In fact, you want your users to come back every day to use it. This is a golden rule of growth marketing â€" retention. We want to offer an experience that our users enjoy coming back to. If they come back that means we’re offering a solution to a problem they have. If our product value is high enough, our users will start referring friends, colleagues, etc. A happy customer is a good customer. Secondly, analyzing user behaviour. We might have a hunch about why X is happening. We then dig into our analytics tool to look at user behaviour and patterns. Once we find data that confirms our hunch, we take a look at our product and see how we can improve it.   We’ll come up with a potential solution, and then we go out and test that growth hack. We draft an experiment, A/B test it for a relevant length of time (this could be a number of days or weeks), then evaluate the outcome. Hopefully, our assumption was proven correct and the growth hack is a success. We then implement the changes for all users, improving their experience with our product. However, often our assumptions can be completely wrong. In this case, we a) try to first figure out if our experiment design was crappy and then b) run a follow-on experiment. In either scenario, we would’ve learned something. Take us through how you’d implement a growth hack. We run a lot of experiments and these often involve every department of the MeisterLabs team: product development, marketing, design. Our MeisterTask growth hack project board is where we keep everything centrally organized. User onboarding, for example, is a key issue we look at in growth. You’ve gone to all that effort to get users signed up but then see the majority of users are gone again after a couple of days, never to be seen again. You need to create a positive first impression for users, orientating them to the tool quickly. If you’re struggling to keep users for longer than a couple of days, it might be that there’s something missing. Is the setting up process too complicated, perhaps too long or does it fail to focus on the most valuable features? We have five steps for working through an issue like this: The growth team will evaluate the current process, come up with a growth hack to fix it, design the experiment and establish what we’re testing for The design team will then take it over, make the new or amended process look pretty and most importantly, user-friendly Engineering will then implement these changes and run the experiment It then comes back round to the growth team as we evaluate the outcome and decide whether to implement the changes permanently If we decide to implement permanently, the changes need to be sent on to the marketing team to edit training materials and promote. That’s a lot of stages and people to manage. How do you keep things moving? Well, yes. That 5 step process means that one experiment can move around four different company departments before being completed. To keep everyone on the same page and keep the projects in motion, we have one central “Growth Experiments” project board in MeisterTask. We share this with all relevant team members. This allows us to work across different departments with limited hiccups, because at every stage the experiment task is assigned to one specific person. Once each stage is completed, such as the engineering implementation stage, the task is re-assigned to a colleague in the next team. In this example, the task would return to someone in the growth team. This process continues until the growth hack is completed. Other team members can “watch” the task’s progression, keeping everyone in the loop with how the experiment is developing. What’s more, the fact that one person is responsible for the task at every given stage means there’s accountability, ensuring that the experiment will get seen through. Whats covered on your Growth Experiment project board and how can readers replicate it? We have an experiment backlog in the form of a Google sheet where we store all of our experiments. From there, experiments get automatically synced to our MeisterTask “Growth Experiments” project board, using the Zapier integration. Our Growth Experiments project board consists of 6 sections: Backlog (Open) â€" experiments we have in the pipeline Backlog (Postponed) â€" experiments which were in the pipeline but weve either decided against or cant proceed with at this point, but may return to In Progress â€" an experiment we’re currently setting up and ready to launch Running â€" as the name suggests, an experiment which is already running Evaluating â€" experiments which have been running and now need analyzing Done and Live â€" experiments which have been found to be successful, so have been implemented permanently by the developers As experiments develop we move the tasks between the sections and all team members “watching” the experiment are notified about the move. Equally, when a new experiment is added to the backlog, Slack sends an automated message to our Slack growth channel via the integration, letting the rest of the team know. Of course what you’re testing for and how you’re testing for it will vary depending on what your data has been telling you. Once you’ve established what you’d like to test, in line with your product and goals, try applying our formula. First, set up a growth hack project board in MeisterTask. Invite the appropriate team members from across the growth, development, design and marketing teams, replicate the sections we’ve included and then go through the five steps. Whats your  one parting tip for readers embarking on their voyage of growth discovery? I would say always try to be analytical in your decisions. The aim is to develop a great product which your users love using as much as you do, but your growth strategy can’t be based on personal biases and hunches alone. Be data-driven and keep your experiments in check to truly evaluate experiment progression. That way you know and are honest about what’s actually not working and what’s helping you to grow. Some of your assumptions will be false and those experiments will inevitably fail but that’s all part of the process. In any case, your growth team will have learned something. Ship Your Growth Hacks with MeisterTask Get Started Its free! Get Started So there’s some insight from Michael Kranner, MeisterLabs’ growth marketer, on how we’re implementing growth experiments here at MeisterLabs, and how you can too, using a MeisterTask project board. As always, share your questions in the comments below and let us know how you get on! If you enjoyed this article you might also like  A beginner’s guide to growth hacking  from MindMeister lead developer Laura Bârladeanu Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit A beginners guide to growth hackings guide to growth hacking on MindMeister.

Global Warming Is The Biggest Threat Facing The Country

Introduction A new pentagon report mentioned that global warming is one of the urgent and growing threat to â€Å"national security†(Nakamura, 2015, para 1). Presidential contender/Senator/ Bernie Sanders also pointed out that â€Å"global warming, not terrorism or nuclear weapon proliferation or chinese hacking, is the biggest threat facing the country†(Follett, 2015, para 1). Global warming contribute to the death of 400,000 people a year and costing the world more than $1.2 trillion, which is about 1.6% of the annual global GDP (Harvey, 2012, para 4). Raising social awareness about the effect of global warming is the first step to avert the damaging consequences.Today, I would like to present to you what causes global warming, the effects of global warming on weather conditions as well as the economy, and the effects of global warming on biodiversity. Body I First,I would like to inform you about the causes of global warming. A. The emission of greenhouse gas like carbon dioxide to the atmosphere cause global warming 1. According to Colin Woodard, award winning investigative journalist and CQ researcher, the concentration of too much carbon dioxide, due to the burning fossil fuel, in the atmosphere trap the heat and cause the earth to warm (Woodard, 2007, p 29). a. Because of the excessive emissions from the various manufacturing plant around the the world carbon dioxide blanket the earth in such a wayShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Environment Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pagesthe issues facing the environment and take action. Today we are facing a groundbreaking problems relating to the Environment. But there exists a lasting solution to these issues facing humankind. Our environment is constantly changing .Humans are responsible for a variety of environmental problems, but we can also take steps to reduce the damage that we are causing to the planet. Two of the biggest human made problems which is the biggest threats to the environment are Global Warming and OzoneRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On The World Essay919 Words   |  4 PagesAll the presidents hold a position of power that could change this big problem that the planet is having, behind this problem there is other problems that are causing a much bigger problem in all the country. â€Å"By year 2100, the average temperature will rise by 5.8 degrees as a result of global warming. The Arctic ice is melting rapidly. By 2040 the region is expected to have a completely ice-free summer, or even earlier. Since 1880, the average temperature has risen by 1.4-Fahrenheit degrees† (Rinkesh)Read MoreIssues Facing America737 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Issues facing America America is among the super powers in the world but this does not prevent it from having problems. Just like other Nations America struggles with some issues. The list of the problems is endless however there are some issues that are of importance as compared to others. Therefore these issues should be recognized and addressed as such. Among these issues are; the upward transfer of wealth. Since 1970s there has been a continuous trend of the rich getting richer as the middleRead MoreWendy s The Third Largest Fast Food Company1737 Words   |  7 Pagesmargin while adding stores. The company hat is able to develop this first will be able to control the fast-food industry. Wendy’s has the ability to do it by acknowledging and planning to take advantage of their opportunities and attacking their threats head on. Political An opportunity for Wendy’s to grow would be economic integration and alliances. What they have done in the past is to integrate and for alliances with other companies outside the United Sates. Tim Horton which is one of theirRead MoreGlobal Warming : We Are All At Risk1555 Words   |  7 Pages One of the biggest problems facing mankind is global warming. More than 97 perecent of the world scientists believed that human activities mainly the burning of fossil fuel caused global warming. Exacerbated by global warming, the occurrence of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, rising sea level, floods,and heatwaves are becoming more frequent and sever. In the past two decades global warming induced extreme weather affected almost half of the world population. The scientificRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1586 Words   |  7 Pagesworld where there are so many global threats around us. World is not like heaven. We need to face many problems in our life. We have some global risk also. This year has been a notably rough year. Some of the worst threats make our people more worried. Many researchers and writers are writing about the biggest threats of the world. Several reports are also made to understand the recent global threats. In order to write something about the recent global threats, one word comes to our mindRead MoreThe Global Issue Of Population Growth979 Words   |  4 PagesBeyond a doubt we urgently need to address the devastating global issue of population growth in the United States America before we destroy our planet. We are facing many devastating economic problems, such as pollution, global warming, education, but the most critical is overconsumption. Overpopulation is a huge problem in the United States of America, which is causing us to run out of natural resources. The human race is already too large and is destroying the natural systems that support us. ThereRead MoreThe Global Issue Of Population Growth960 Words   |  4 PagesBeyond a doubt we urgently need to address the devastating global issue of population growth in the United States America before we destroy our planet. We are facing many devastating economic problems, such as pollution, global warming, education, but the most critical is overconsumption. Overpopulation is a huge problem in the United States of America, which is causing us to run out of natural resources. The human race is already too large and is destroying the natural systems that support us. ThereRead MoreTaking a Look at Global Warming1483 Words   |  6 Pagespeople, global warming just means that the Earth is getting warmer. What they don’t realize is that global warming is so much more than that. No matter how you call it, â€Å"global warming† or â€Å"climate disruption†, its effects are all the same. Rising sea levels, wildfires, droughts, and storms are all results of these rising temperatures. And if humans keep pumping large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, these natural disasters will be just the first of many. To better understand global warmingRead MoreThink Again: Climate Change, by Bill McKibben992 Words   |  4 Pagesdioxide emission must be reduced with cooperation of other countries if we are to avert a global warming disaster. Decades ago, the theory of global warming was considered a conspiracy theory, with the lack of scientific evidence and the acceptance from society. However, in recent years, the controversy has become further familiarized by both scientific experts and the general society. The overall controversy, when arguing about global warming, is whether or not humans have any contribution to the issue

One-Child Policy was Chinas Answer to Overpopulation Essay

Population In October 12, 1999, the worlds population has reached to 6 billion people. about only 12 years later (October 31, 2011) the world has gone up to 7 billion. Many people on the planet are worried about the world population going too high. They fear that too many people would result in starvation and quick depletion of resources. Some people believe that we should have some type of law that would limit the number of children we can have in each family. Something similar has come true in China about 30 years ago. In September 25, 1980, Chinas One-Child Policy has been created. This policy keeps parents from having more than one baby with the exception of twins, triplets, quadruplets, and so on. Parents may also have†¦show more content†¦Most people seem to be in favor of this policy, but there are still many others who would speak against this. The One-Child Policy does have some downsides to them. One huge problem with this policy is that if a woman is pregnant with a second child, she must face abortion, even though it may be against the law to submit to abortion under certain circumstances. There is a story of a woman in China who was 7 months pregnant with a second child, and even though it was against the law to have abortion when 6 months pregnant or longer, she was forced to face abortion. Another problem was the amount of support that the one child can give to his or her parents and grandparents when he or she becomes an adult. The adult child would not have any Omar Rivera brothers or sisters to help him/her support the family. Following the One-Child Policy would lead to some consequences that may affect some more than others. The One-Child Policy has its pros and cons. It has benefited China as it reduced social problems, economic problems, environmental problems, and poverty. Of course, it has its downsides as well. This policy involves forced abortions and an increase in problems with family support. One must decide if the One-Child Policy is either necessary or a terrible idea. In my opinion, I honestly believe that theShow MoreRelatedEssay about girls vs boys in china739 Words   |  3 Pageshad solved one of their population problems, but had unknowingly created another problem from it. Back in 1976, China faced an overpopulation problem. The growth of Chinas population brought a lot of problems to the country and to its people. Some of the problems were from overcrowding and not enough resources like food and jobs to go around for everyone. This was why the government of China enacted the One-Child Policy act in order to prevent over population. The One-Child Policy was a law thatRead MoreW e Can Stop Overpopulation Essay1222 Words   |  5 PagesOverpopulation is when the demand of humans is too high for the supply of the earth. 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With my knowledge negative impacts caused by overpopulation, how can I deliberately have a large family, while upholding my environmentalistRead MoreExaminig the Effect of Human Population Control Essay examples1730 Words   |  7 Pagesother hand, nearly 600 years ago, the population was around 300 million (according to the CIA). Ever since improvements in agricultural productivity and medical advances, population growth has risen drastically over the years. However, when studies proved that it could possibly lead to detrimental scenarios like environmental degradation and poverty, some countries began to establish population control policie s. Population control is defined as ‘a policy of attempting to limit the growth in numbers ofRead More China - The Epicenter of Overpopulation Essay example1248 Words   |  5 PagesChina - The Epicenter of Overpopulation In 1999 the world population reached six billion. Roughly 200,000 lives have been added each day since then, about one small city a week. This population boom however, is not evenly distributed throughout the globe. In fact, many countries in Europe have experienced negative population growth in the last ten years. It is the developing nations of our world that are most responsible for the exponential increase the world has begun to experience. The busy-bodiedRead MoreThe Problem Of A Growing World Population1939 Words   |  8 Pagesgraphs - the left one showing the HDI (Human Development Index - a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education, standards of living and quality for life devised by the UN) of countries around the world and the right one showing the birth rates of countries around the world. The countries with the highest HDIs are shaded in green and the ones with the lowest are shaded in red, while the darker the color of a country, the higher its birth rate. From these two graphs one can see a definiteRead MoreThe View on Overpopulation: Looking Deeper into the Hardinian Taboo2017 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction One would have thought that it was even more necessary to limit population than property...The neglect of this subject, which in existing states is so common, is a never-failing cause of poverty among the citizens; and poverty is the parent of both revolution and crime. This quote did not come from any professional doomsayer or modern writer, or even an ecologist or a historian. Aristotle said this, though he lived in a time where the population was four percent of what it is todayRead MoreWhy Overpopulation Is A Major Issue1653 Words   |  7 PagesEveryone knows that overpopulation is a major issue; an issue is only going to increase over the next few decades. Every person should have a general understanding of this problem because it is going to affect everyone on the planet if it has not done so already. Many countries on our planet now are already overpopulated. In many third world countries, parents do not have enough money to feed themselves, let alone food for their own chil dren. It is estimated that over one billion people wake upRead MoreWomen Should Not Wear Dress1221 Words   |  5 Pagesmanagers to provide guidance and answers, unlike in the U.S., where successful managers do not need to be subject matter experts on their team. Behavior in the work place is greatly influenced by the culture and values of a country. Taking the time to understand what another culture values, believes, and behaves is crucial in being successful as a global company. India’s current issues and challenges Although India is an emerging economic powerhouse and one of the fastest growing nations inRead MoreGenetic Engineering And The Human Race1974 Words   |  8 PagesGenetic Engineering are Dreadful If the world had the possibility to be a healthier one, one can rest assure that it would make that possibility a reality. However, the world already has been having that possibility through genetic engineering, but at the same time, it has remained a possibility and not a reality. With this in mind, one must wonder why; why has it remained a possibility? In order to successfully answer this, it is important to understand what genetic engineering is, and how it could

Technological scholarship Free Essays

The article reports on the increasing ubiquity of cell phones or mobile phones, which have begun to supplant the function of telephones, and how the unique qualities of cell phones – particularly their symbiotic relationship with other forms of telecommunications – present unique cultural ramifications for society at large. The author notes that cultural studies have generally neglected scrutinizing the telephone – essentially the fixed counterpart of the cell phone – despite the respective work done in the area of communications and technological scholarship. We will write a custom essay sample on Technological scholarship or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, there does exist a modest amount of literature on the technology for the author to conduct a brief review of literature relevant to such an interest, but he observes that these have emerged largely in the wake of the cell phone, reasoning that studies about the increasing complexity of telecommunications technologies and the proliferation of social and cultural functions of cell phones made it difficult to ignore the invisibility of the telephone as a social object and cultural technology. The author notes that works centered upon the cultural and social dimensions of cell phones tend towards comparative study and cross-cultural analysis simply because the rapid proliferation of cell phone use across the world beg the question of how use is related to varied national and social contexts. (Goggin, pg. 4) However, the author’s contention is that such studies do not sufficiently account for the cultural aspects of cell phones themselves. He maintains that because cell phones are not just a communication technology, but a cultural medium which borrows liberally from the cultural components of other mediums. The author notes that as a mobile cultural technology, cell phone culture finds its closest precedent in the Sony Walkman – associated with a specific set of social practices, a particular demographic of users and represented within the language of culture itself. (Goggin, pg. 7-8) However, the author also points out that the Sony Walkman and the cell phone parallel as a fusion of multiple technologies developed by a wide configuration of businesses, industries and services and in that sense are devices which emerged due to the cultural convergence of various interests. This is an important point to note, as it presages the author’s succeeding point, which is that technology and society shape each other in tandem, as posited by the actor-network theory of human-technology relationships. Essentially it: â€Å"refuses †¦ formulaic oppositions between technology and society [and] declines the lures of technological determinism [and] the countervailing reaction that society determines technology. † (Goggins, pg. 11) Furthermore, he maintains that the ‘success’ of technologies is viewed under the actor-network theory as determined by relationships rather than as a consequence of the stable and linear progression of historical conditions. Simply put, â€Å"a technology needs to be loved, nurtured and, above all, materially fashioned and supported. As such, the ‘state’ of a technology is determined by the interaction between it and society. Before concluding with an outline of the remainder of the books contents, the author finishes his introduction by noting that the future of cell phone studies and examinations of the interactions between culture and cell phone technology may draw rich inspiration from Internet studies. Like the cell phone, the Internet is a technology that has been the subject of many works of techno-cultural scholarship. Initial studies became obsolete due to directions of evolution that went unpredicted, but present important lessons in techno-cultural scholarship in revealing the extent to which such a highly personal technology resists the very determinism that actor-network theory refutes. As such, cell phone studies must recognize the intimate relationship between a technology and the uses it acquires through its interaction with culture. (Goggins, pg. 13) REFERENCES Goggin, G. (2006) Cell phone culture: mobile technology in everyday life. London/New York, Routledge. How to cite Technological scholarship, Papers

Electroplated Cobalt-Based Films free essay sample

This report reviews literature on magnetic properties of electroplated Co-based magnetic films. The significance and limitations of electroplating Co-based magnetic films are analyzed. Complete with diagrams and charts. Hard magnetic materials (permanent magnets) are suitable for use as media in recording and to fabricate magnetic MEMS devices because they can produce strong fields without having to apply a current to a coil; hence, they attracted more attentions in the electrical engineering recently [1-2]. Besides the hard ferrites and Nd2Fe14 B1, Cobalt or Cobalt-RE based magnets are mostly used hard magnetic materials. [1] Because of their good magnetic properties as well as their excellent mechanical properties. General speaking, Cobalt based hard magnetic materials can be fabricate by CVD or PVD such as RF sputtering, which will take pretty long time and cost much if one want to make relatively thick film that is around 20 mm or even thicker. Also, the fabrication of the film-type magnets on silicon wafers with CMOS integrated circuits has been considered as one of the most extremely difficult tasks due to the fabrication processing incompatibility between them [3]. We will write a custom essay sample on Electroplated Cobalt-Based Films or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Kerrice Lawrence Essays - Literature, Film, Fugitive Pieces, Culture

Kerrice Lawrence Dr. Gayle Thrift IDST 400-1 The Role of Language and Poetic Devices in Fugitive Pieces by Ann Michaels Fugitive Pieces from the onset is undoubtedly a thrilling fiction novel. The author Anne Michaels has successfully employed first person narration and use of metaphor to illustrate events that would not be achieved by any other style. Clearly, this is a nov el that tries, through literary devices to reconstruct the experiences that survivors of the holocaust underwent. It defies earlier propositions put forth by Adorno in the Prisms , that no one should write poetry on the Auschwitz accounts as it would result in barbarism (Almon, 47) . B y virtue of this, it is clear that Fugitive Pieces is intended to portray a picture that it is possible for survivors to live with their traumatizing memories of their past, with their memories of having escaped death narrowly and still continue to live normal lives (Skog, 201). Through constant memory of the narrator, Jakob, about his family and especially his sister Bella, the author successfully delivers her messa ge that there is hope for humanity to l ive by faith and po rtray the effects that the H olocaust had on the populations that were affected. Every narrative can be thought of as a mysterious na rra tive because as Ann Michae ls has said through her character, Athos in Fugitive Pieces , "There's nothing that a man will not do to another , nothing tha t a man will not do for another " (114). The motives and intentions of a human being are complex and difficult to sort out. Their behavior could be motivated by a spontaneous feeling or by years of mulling over an injustice they feel they have to readdress. Perhaps something as simple as a rain storm can motivate an act of kindness or an act of violence. The environmental atmo sphere of a behavior may be as important as the inner workings of the human brain. For example if the environment is a concentration camp or a Nazi SS unit who can say what moves a person t o act for the good or the bad; at least there is no way to be sure with one hundred p ercent certainty. Even the person who is doing the behavior cannot necessarily be su re of why they behaved in this or that way at exactly noon on Friday in the year of 1943. Fugitive Piece s is a mostly beautifully written examination of the human condition with the traumatic events of World War II in Europe and the H olocaust in Germany acting, I would say , as main ch aracters in the book along with the human characters. Athos , a Greek archaeologist , encounters a "bog boy" when closing down a German archaeology site before return ing to Greece (Michaels, 5). The "bog boy " had become a boy of the bog because his parents and beloved sister had been s tolen from him by Nazi soldiers (Michaels, 5). The boy had hidden in a secret place in the house to avoid interaction with the Nazis. Then he became an organic part of the forest in order to survive while hiding from the Nazis outside of his r uined home. This paper argues t hat Athos, the savior of the seven year old forest boy named Jakob , is the conscience of the world. In other words Athos embodies the shock, the shame, the fear, the failures and the successes the world experienced while tryi ng to understand the horrifying legacy of WWII. Jacob's experience as a survivor mirrors the experiences and feelings of other survivors of s uch traumatic events using the H olocaust as the example. The hypothesis is that Jakob follows a path to sanity although the odds were certainly stacked against him. Michaels is expressing a way to retain o ptimism in the face of despair by describing the reaction to trauma as a universal behavior (Caruth as cited by Aloui, 10) . This paper follows the jo urney that Jakob travels with Athos in the first part of the book. The most meaningful and moving part of Fugitive Pieces

The Guide on How to Write a Global Warming Essay

The Guide on How to Write a Global Warming Essay Global warming is a very hot topic of today’s world and students are assigned to write on global warming essay topics. The teachers ask the students to write papers on global warming, global warming argumentative essay or global warming persuasive essay. A global warming essay is somehow equivalent to any other general essay. The difference is that you have to concentrate on the issue of global warming as the topic is about global warming. By considering the topic, an essay on global warming should depict and indicate the current causes and effects of global warming. A global warming essay can be a ‘causes of global warming essay, effects of global warming essay or a global warming cause and effect essay and can be written by keeping in view the type of the essay.If the global warming essay is about causes, it should be written in a way that it should indicate the causes involved in global warming, the global warming essay should give the reasons due to which the world is having the problem of global warming, if it is about the effects of global warming, the writer should write what effects global warming can bring in the globe, what will be the future of the world because of global warming, how it can be disadvantageous for the world, etc and if the essay about global warming is both about the causes and effects, then the writer should include the reasons due to which the issue of global warming is there and wha t will be the possible outcome of this issue in the development of the world. In a stop global warming essay, the writer has to include in his writing certain ways by which global warming can be avoided and stopped. Moreover, he/she can give advices that are necessary for controlling the problem of global warming. A global warming research essay will be an essay in which the issue of global warming will be analyzed fully by means of researching in the particular field. Not only the previous researchers in the area of global warming will be read but also the people will be asked about their responses in terms of global warming but as the essay body is a smaller one so the writer has to be very concise and straightforward. You should first of all introduce the issue of global warming in your essay on global warming. The body of the essay on global warming should include all the relevant information and your ideas in terms of global warming. The conclusion should be a summarized version of your argument and should give a final word on the topic. Your essay on global warming such as persuasive essay on global warming or argumentative essay on global warming should reveal your knowledge about global warming. If you want some essay writing help, you can order custom essay on global warming from our highly qualified essay writers who can write an essay according to your instructions. Here is a list of the most popular global warming essay topics: 1. Global Warming Fact or Fiction? 2. Global Warming a Global Catastrophe? 3. What the World Can do to Change Global Warming, the Greenhouse Effect and the Ozone Layer? 4. Examine the Causes and  Concequences of Global Warming 5. Global Warming Case Not Proven 6. The role of the international law in relation to the environmental protection by exploring the existing laws related to the problem of global warming, objectives of such laws, critically evaluating their implementation, applicability and succession. 7. Another Inconvenient Truth: Meat is a Global Warming Issue 8. Why Global Warming Would Be Good for You?

Business Enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Enterprise - Essay Example Handling different team members based on their competencies and individual capabilities is a challenging task for a production manager. The best way to handle such situation is only possible through effective communication and open communication. To ensure effectiveness of any communication, the manager has to ensure open-communication in all times. Every product process should go through a planning and design phase. At this stage every detail should be looked up on related to production. Strategy and Proof-of-concept should be aligned at this stage; hence the planning and design stage is the most crucial stage of a production process. Slightest negligence and overlook may lead to financial and reputational loses. A production manager plays a key role in the production process and is responsible and accountable for production, and the team responsible for production. Certain characteristics are must for a production manager. Insight and innovative, fairness, open communication, abili ty to accept and face challenges, risk taking capabilities, highest degree of value for the organization followed by value for team and team members are special attributes of a production manager.

Media Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media Literacy - Essay Example Greece’s economy suffered huge debts, subsequently making its budget inadequate to finance its operations. To solve the problem, Greece’s government applied a number of interventions, including a consideration to tax all the deposits in the country’s financial institutions. However, the most effective intervention of all the proposals made was the country’s financial bill out by different European countries and financial institutions. As the article reports, with the end of the financial crisis, Greece has the potential of going back to original status, or even better. Addressed audience in this artic le are the country’s policy makers, the government, especially in drafting the expenditure budgets, the investors (both operating or eyeing the country), multinational companies in the country or those hoping to take advantage of the end of the crisis and finally other countries that overspend in their budgets, relying heavily on borrowings. The signif icant information contained in this story is essential for the world, especially. As different countries develop their own policies, they are obliged to put into consideration the effects of economic recession. Additionally, countries strategically can plan on how to avoid a recession. If unavoidable, designing measures to avoid any country getting into the point Greece were in would help the country’s economy. Greece economy is a memorable event, not only in the European region but globally also, as no other country has ever gone through a debt crisis bill out. The media has covered the crisis since the start, progression to its present status. This is the biggest connection of the story to other stories related on the crisis. The story sensitizes the world on the best ways of financing an economy and the options available whenever faced by a crisis. Sources The article reports on the decisions arrived at after a meeting convened to strategize bon how to end the Greece finan cial crisis decided on a third bill out. The story quotes different government officials and foreign dignitaries present in the meeting. Particularly, the story quotes only four of the people in the meeting. The quoted individuals are the senior Finance Ministry official, a senior government official, Greek Finance Minister Yannis Stournaras and a former government official (Bouras, Granitsas & Stevis, 2013). These individuals represent the political sector and the business community. Despite the meeting having taken place between various individuals, the story quotes just a few. Among people whose quoted should have significantly featured in the article are the European central bank officials, the international monetary fund officials and senior finance ministry officials. Logically, their view would have played a considerable role in this story. Evidence There are different sources of evidence used in the story. The authors draw part of the information from Greece’s budget and financial reports, for instance the 2013 budget. The country’s growth data  also provides crucial evidence used in the story (Bouras, Granitsas & Stevis, 2013). The international monetary fund also indirectly provides evidence that backs assumptions in the story, especially on the amount of funds already injected in the economy and its impact in ending the crisis. Others, as sources are not clear come from the quoted individu

An expository sermon on holy living

An expository sermon on holy living An expository sermon on Holy Living Introduction How many of you feel Holy this morning? Dont worry you dont have to lift up your hands. When some one talks about Holiness the first thing I think about it God and His holiness. This morning I want to talk about our call to a holy livinglife. We all know that we are called to live a holy life but what do we do about it. DO we make any effort towards it or are we just praying for God to make us Holy and waiting for fire to fall down from heaven to make us Holy. We live in a world where holiness has lost its meaning. In this contemporary society everything goes, we can do anything as long as we feel good about it. What is our responsibility in this world, What are we called to do in this un holy situation? So we are going to look at the reasons why we are called to live a Holy life. Main Points 1. We are called to live a holy life because He is holy (1: 16) A] Real meaning of holy The word Holy is derived from a cluster of words in Greek. It means to be pure, to be set apart, sanctify and so on. But no meaning of this word can describe it properly.[1] Christ was the perfect example for Holiness. Be Holy for I am Holy is mentioned for about 5 times in the Bible. Holiness is not a new thing which the apostles discovered in the New Testament, it was present from the beginning of the Old Testament. He God gave Moses all the laws not to make their life difficult but to bring them one step closer to holiness; one step closer to Himself. B] One of the fundamental characteristics of God Gods Holiness can neither be understood nor grasped by our human minds. Holiness is one of the images of God which was lost in the garden of Eden. It could be only replaced by God Himself, by dying on the cross and making us pure. HE is always Holy. We are called to live like Him. So we are called to be Holy. When we were made we were made in the image of God. One of His fundamental images is holiness. So we were obviously made Holy. But we fell from our holiness because of our disobedience. We are missing out in one of the fundamental images of God. We have to be made into his image so one day we can see His face. If we are not made into His image we will not see Him face to face. It is just as simple as that; if we are not holy, we will not see God. C] Illustration Once, as an experiment, the great scientist Isaac Newton stared at the image of the sun reflected in a mirror. The brightness burned into his retina, and he suffered temporary blindness. Even after he hid for three days behind closed shutters, still the bright spot would not fade from his vision. I used all means to divert my imagination from the sun, he writes, But if I thought upon him I presently saw his picture though I was in the dark. If he had stared a few minutes longer, Newton might have permanently lost all vision. The chemical receptors that govern eyesight cannot withstand the full force of unfiltered sunlight. There is a parable in Isaac Newtons experiment, This is what the Israelites experienced in the wilderness. They had attempted to live with the Lord of the Universe visibly present in their midst; but, in the end, out of all the thousands who had so gladly fled Egypt, only two survived Gods Presence. They were all revealed and called to be Holy as God. But only two survived in the end.[2] 2. We are called to live a holy life because we do not conform to evil desires (1: 14) A] We also have our share in Holiness (Hebrews 12: 14) It is true that when we come to salvation in Christ He washes all our sins away and makes us Holy. We become perfect and clean through Jesus, but it is our duty to then keep ourselves clean. Holiness is not only what God can give to us but it is also what we can manifest with what He gave us. Paul says it quite clearly in Hebrews 12 : 14 (NIV) To make Make every effort to live in peace with all men and to be Holy. ; Without without which we cannot see Godholiness no one will see the Lord. Holiness is a serious matter. We tend to take God for granted. When we give in or conform to the evil desires of the world, we say that it wasnt our fault but it is our flesh. We blame it on our human nature. Paul challenges us not to try to be holy but take every effort possible in other words we must strive or even fight to be Holy. Effort means to use energy to get something done.[3] Holiness should be such a longing of our heart that we would put our whole energy to get it done. B] No compromise in Holiness Holiness is being spotlessly clean. Without Holiness we can never enter the presence of God. The Old Testament priests were the perfect example of this. The priest entered the presence of God only once a year. They dreaded that moment. Thought it was regarded very high to enter the Holy of Holies, it was dreadful at the same time. In that moment if they were found guilty of sin , there was no time for explanation they were just struck dead. They prepared themselves for the whole year for that one day in Gods presence, the presence of the Holy God. We are so privileged that there is no curtain between God and us, we dont need a high priest to stand in for us anymore, Christ has already done it for us. We can enter Gods presence anytime anywhere we want. As for us its not a once a year thing its an every day thing. WE are living in the age of grace, God does not strike us dead anymore, though grace is available for free it is not cheap, so let us not take it for granted. C] Illustration In the forests of northern Europe and Asia lives little animal called the ermine, known for his snow-white fur in winter. He instinctively protects his white coat against anything that would soil it. Fur hunters take advantage of this unusual trait of the ermine. They dont set a snare to catch him, but instead they find his home, which is usually a cleft in a rock or a hollow in an old tree. They smear the entrance and interior with grime. Then the hunters set their dogs loose to find and chase the ermine. The frightened animal flees toward home but doesnt enter because of the filth. Rather than soil his white coat, he is trapped by the dogs and captured while preserving his purity. For the ermine, purity is more precious than life. HGB[4] It doesnt always cost our lives to be Holy. But most of the time it could cost things or people that are dear to our hearts. When we are of this world, we make the things of the world our own. We usually cling to things and people which could take Gods place in our lives. So when we come to Christ we ought to replace them with Christ. When we do the right thing, even our own friends might not understand us, their there might even come times where we have to give them up for holiness, for there is no compromise on Holiness. 3. We are called to live a holy life because we were redeemed by the precious blood. (1: 23) A] Free access to Holiness The way of Holiness (Isaiah 35 : 8) It is true that we dont have to do anything to become Holy because we are washed by His blood. But we have to take effort in keeping it. It is quite clear in Isaiah 35: 8 that the way to God is holiness, there is no other way. Christ has done his part, by making the way. But to keep our self on the highway or to get kicked off lies on our hands. There is no place for unclean or wicked people on this road. B] Set Apart to be an example We are set apart and called to be holy not to seclude ourselves from the world but to be the light. D.L. Moody, A holy life will make the deepest impression. Lighthouses blow no horns, they just shine. One of the misconceptions in the churches today is that they become holy and they become literally set apart. They dont associate or mingle with the people of this world. They develop something which is famously called as the Holy huddle. They become so holy that the people of this world cannot even get close to them, they just have to be set apart. But that is not what God has called us to be. The difference between the Pharisees and Jesus was that Jesus toughed touched the unclean but they didnt. The Pharisees where were Holy as well, they did everything God commanded them to, but they didnt understand it. We are not called to be a Pharisee but we are called to be more like Him. We are not made Holy to be set in museums as specimens but to reach out to the unclean in turn. When we be come holy day by day let us be humbled by the fact that we dont deserve it , but it is through grace. Reach out to make them Holy. As the story of Isaac Newtons experience let our holiness hurt their eyes, not to chase them away from us but to draw them closer to Him who has called us to be Set apart, to be Holy. In conclusion let us make every effort to be more like Him every day. Let us just not sit back and pray for holiness but take every effort to be holy. Holiness is not only what God gives us but it is what we manifest with what He gave. Let us not compromise with the things of the world. Are we willing to lay down everything to pursue holiness? Holiness is not only works and deeds but is also passionately pursuing a relationship with God. Let us never compromise with holiness. If you are thinking that you have done all these all through out your life. Youve always been pursuing God for holiness and have a wonderful relationship with God, then dont become a Pharisee. Let us not settle down in that place in a holy huddle but let us affect others with our holiness. Let us be a light shining in this unholy land. We are set apart not to be in a museum but to be a light, that hurts the eyes but still draws them closer. Bibliography http://bible.org/illustration/ermine [03 September 2009] Fwd. Ogilvie, L. J. Nelsons Three in One Bible Reference Companion Nashville: Thomas nelson Publisher, 1982 [03 September 2009] Ed.. Martin Ralph p. and Davids, Peter H, Dictionary of the Latter New Testament and its development Leicester: Inter Varsity Press, 1997. [1] Ed. Ralh P. Martin and Peter H. Davids, Dictionary of the Latter New Testament and its development (Leicester: Inter Varsity Press, 1997), p. 485. [2] [03 September 2009] [3] Fwd. Dr. Llyod John Ogilvie, Nelsons Three in One Bible Reference Companion (Nashville: Thomas nelson Publisher, 1982), p. 206. [4] http://bible.org/illustration/ermine [03 September 2009]

Oscar Mayer Case Study

1. ) At first, Marcus McGraw found the challenge so complex and saw it a difficult task because he had not sat down to put down the ideas on paper and evaluate the situation carefully. He was just thinking of the difficult task ahead and not how to assail the problem. He was missing parts of the puzzle, he was not evaluating anything as yet or trying to formulate or implement any strategy. He had no option, no solution immediately after he read the McTiernan report. He had not done any ‘strategic planning’ thus, his perspective was different than after he had read the memos.After reading the memos from his colleagues, he realized that he could count on them since they had great ideas and were persons with great capability for these types of concerns and issues, especially when he read the one of his long time colleague and friend. McGraw pursues that decision making process of gathering information, generating ideas, looking at the ‘pros and cons’ of the sit uation that Oscar Mayer faces through his associates. He follows them and his mind guides him knowing that he can trust on his department managers. Marcus McGraw purses a decision making that is unbiased.He does not go for just one department; he follows all four managers. He was unbiased in this way and was a good strategy as well since the managers have that market-driven strategy which is healthy for the firm. They are well market-oriented and are able to distinguish the capabilities of Oscar Mayer just as they are able to match the customer value requirements to capabilities. They were cognizant that the market is more competitive, they also pointed out that introducing new lines of product could bring prosperity to Oscar Mayer, which is one of the suggestions that McTiernan had brought up.Therefore, McGraw’s decision making process of taking the ideas of all four managers was a wise one. 2. ) If McGraw chooses the favors of only one department then he is risking all othe r departments. In a business you cannot only favor and invest in one department only. All departments are important components for success of the business. If you only focus on one department, then the other departments will eventually collapse thus the company is losing on other areas in the market where profits can be made.This also means that the firm no longer has that diversity in products which reflects negatively on the company. McGraw can mitigate the damage by improving each of the departments so that they become more competitive in the market. He could also diversify in products just as was recommended by a couple of his managers thus making him a tough competitor on the market if adequately and carefully strategized. He will surely need to invest quite a lot on advertising and promotion which will reduce their profits in the short term; however, they will experience growth and profits in the long-term.As mentioned, once each department is improved and with the right strat egy, Oscar Mayer will benefit and improve the sectors of quality, quantity and price. They have done it before and the can only be better and will concentrate in satisfying consumers’ needs and wants. 3. ) First of all, let’s list the Strengths and Weaknesses. Strengths: Well-known Brand, Technology Skills in R&D, Strong Distribution Channels, Relatively High Market Share, High Profit Margin, Successful History and Product Diversification. Weaknesses: Relatively High Price, Not Healthy (High fat content).Oscar Mayer has a relatively high market share already, and a relatively low market growth. Due to its strengths, it already has a high market share and due to its weakness and the new trend in the market which is looking for products with lower fat (healthier), and lower prices, Oscar Mayer is losing its market growth. This is obviously a great threat to Oscar Mayer in terms of competition since the consumers are now looking for lower prices in those products, as well as healthier meats. This is detrimental to the firm on its entirety as fewer products sold would mean fewer sales which mean less profit.The competition also affects the â€Å"second brand† since the decrease in sale of the Oscar Mayer products also affects Louis Rich as it is looked as a total, thus Louis Rich revenues are compensating for the loss in Oscar Mayer. The investment decision then will change. The objectives are to increase annual production growth over the next three years by 4% in volume. Products will need to be reduced due to the competition so this affects how much to invest in quality and on the outstanding strength on Louis Rich in order to keep up the good record.There is much advertising and promotion to do; therefore they might have to lower the budget figures for this expense if sales decrease. They need to advertise on the already existing products, such as the health aspect of it, as well as on new products that will be produced. Therefore Oscar May er needs to ensure that they can prosper in the competition with all the expense that waits. 4. ) From the four departmental options, Jim Longstreet’s advice seems more viable. Not only was Jim’s advice an effective one, but his ideas also passed McTiernan’s wish for improved convenience.What Jim is doing by this is what is called ‘Differentiation Strategy’. The firm will provide a superior performance product uniquely designed to provide value to their target audience and is well appreciated by them. Oscar Mayer will also use their strengths to make this strategy a successful one. Having used their strong ability of R&D, they are already aware of who the target audience is and what that are looking for. Two products have been designed for their needs which are â€Å"Zappetites† and â€Å"Lunchables. † With this innovation, Oscar Mayer has all the potential and resources to remain the leader.The second best strategy I would say is Jane Morely’s idea. To obtain smaller companies that are competent and provide something Oscar Mayer does not provide is indeed a good strategy. The only disadvantage is that OM would have to increase their debt to acquire these companies not being completely sure if these companies would succeed. Advertising and packaging would also have its cost, however it doesn’t mean it won’t benefit in the longer run. Thos have their benefits; they hold great value when you count on consumer convenience and brand growth.If the companies succeed then automatically there are great sales increases which bring about profit. The least viable would be Rob’s idea of backing Louis Rich. Having all the strengths and the brand name of Oscar Mayer and just letting it go would be not just a waste but a huge loss. OM has had the majority of the company’s profits for a long time and has been the leading brand. For one, LR is increasing but at a slow pace. Then advertisements w ill be a huge expense which of course does not mean that it will increase the volume of sales.Therefore centralizing in just one brand, LR would not be a good idea for Oscar Mayer. 5. ) With the statistics given we can observe that McGraw wants a 15% increase on operating income while the managers are projecting a decrease of 5. 2% from the current year. If McGraw were to keep his A&P budget the same as last years, he would save $32MM over the managers' projections. Therefore,  one solution could be to effectively use the strengths of the product lines and the A;P dollars by consolidating his sub-divisions.The Division Performance table demonstrates exactly where the successes and failures of each sub-division are, and also shows their strengths and weaknesses. We can see that A ; P for Oscar Mayer has been decreasing and operating income increasing slowly. On the other hand, Louis Rich’s A ; P expense has been increasing while operating income has also been increasing by a great difference. This is also a key factor in the success of LR and partly, although not much, why OM has had a decrease in sales.Another factor in the decrease of Oscar Mayer brand is due to consumer trend as well as increased competition in the market. Oscar Mayer has so far opted to lose market share rather than lower its price. Based on the analysis, there is more to lose if  the Oscar Mayer brand is allowed to wilt over the Louis Rich Brand. Giving up on Oscar Mayer would mean losing its well established, well recognized OM brand name and its equity. May be even future profitability may be lost if the trend towards white meat is only a temporary one.This can be seen in  McTiernan's Report on consumer satisfaction survey, in which the red meat out performs in overall taste and compares well with respect to convenience. Therefore, another strategy is to build up the Oscar Mayer Brand, to merge the Louis Rich brand under Oscar Mayer, for example co-brand, and to introduce ne w packaging of their products (e. g. Lunchables and Zappetites), some white and some red meat to recapture the lost  market share. To consolidate the distribution and A&P spending around the Oscar Mayer's well established brand.Actions In accordance  with the above strategy we would suggest that Oscar Mayer and Louis Rich Brand modify and develop an integrated strategy which would require altering the existing branding strategy to accommodate the consumer trends, to extend the product line and to competitively price the OM products. Oscar Mayer needs to also not lose the taste when improving the quality of the product healthier, which is another step that would be taken and at the same time be convenient. By maintaining the quality it already is contributing its part to success.Another strategic goal is to achieve is long term gains and accelerate brand growth. With all this said, we need not to forget to invest in LR in order for the brand to grow as well. 6. ) Of the two produ cts Jim Longstreet suggested, I believe â€Å"Lunchables† is less likely to succeed especially since they are completely new to this product. Unlike Zappetites they had previously done Stuff ‘n Burgers so they do have an idea of how to approach the new product. Zappetites would create certain products that could also be used for lunch by certain consumers who desire hat ready to eat product. Lunchables would be more difficult to succeed due to all the details that a lunch entails and the different wants of the consumers. They are already thinking of packing a chocolate treat with it as well; not everyone eats or likes chocolates. Another issue with Lunchables is the ingredients. Some of the ingredients they would want to use have a short shelf life which would turn away many consumers. We need to keep in mind that everyone is different and have a different taste, many individuals are ‘picky. ’

Macroeconomics – institutions by Acemoglu

In Progress. Abstract: In this paper, we discuss how and why institutions— broadly, the economic and political organization of societies— affect economic incentives and outcomes. After briefly surveying a number of theories of institutional differences across countries, we focus on two questions: why societies may choose institutions that are not good for economic development, and why institutions, even bad Institutions, persist.In light of the Ideas we develop, we discuss three case studies of Institutions alluding and persistence: the united States, India and Guatemala. L. Introduction Institutions, defined broadly as the political and economic organization of societies, differ markedly across countries and over time. For example, until recently, a large number of societies were organized along socialist lines, with widespread collective ownership of the means of production and centrally planned resource allocation, while much of the rest of the world was capitalist, with predominantly private ownership and resources allocated Vela markets.For much of the 1 8th and 9th centuries, a number of societies, Including the Caribbean, much of Central and Latin America, and parts of Asia, were organized with political and economic power concentrated in the hands of a small elite, and relied on productive relationships based on slavery and forced labor. In contrast, economic and political power was more equally distributed in parts of Europe, North America and Australia, and the majority of laborers were free.Similarly, as emphasized by North and Thomas (1973), North and Whiniest (1989) and Till (1 990), there were Important differences In the organization of the European societies during the 17th century. While England and the Netherlands had developed limited governments, France and Spain had absolutist regimes.Economic theory and basic common sense suggest that differences in the organization of society should have an effect on economic outcomes: when institutions ensure that a potential investor has property rights over the proceeds from his Investments, he Is more likely to invest than when he expects the fruits of his efforts to be taken by other parties In the economy or by the government. An obvious hypothesis is then to link variations in economic performance across countries to their institutions. We refer to this point of view as the institutions hypothesis.According to one version of this hypothesis, what is crucial is whether the organization of the society ensures that a broad cross-section of the society have effective property rights, so that those with productive emphasis on â€Å"a broad cross-section of the society' is meant to capture the notion that it is not sufficient for the rights of a small elite, landowners, dictators or Politburo members, to be enforced. Citizens need to have effective property rights, and be involved in politics, at least some degree, to ensure the continuation of these repertory rights in the future.Do we see marked differences in the economic performance of societies with different institutions? The examples mentioned in the first paragraph suggest so: while West Germany prospered with a capitalist system, East Germany did much less well under socialism. While Western Europe, North America and Australia grew rapidly, the elite-dominated societies of the Caribbean, Central America and India stagnated throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. As emphasized by North and Thomas (1973), while England and the Netherlands prospered during the 17th century, Spain and France failed to do so.Also telling are cases where large changes in institutions are correlated with radically changed growth paths. Examples of this are Argentina in the sass's with the rise of populism and Person, South Korea during the early sass's with the transition from the Rhea to the Park regime, and Indonesia in 1965 with the transition between Saguaro and Short. In addition to these selective examp les, much empirical evidence suggests that institutional differences are a major source of the differences in economic performance across countries.For example, cross-country work by a number of economists and political scientists found a first-order effect of institutions on growth or the level of income (e. G. , Knack and Keeper, 1995, or Hall and Jones, 1999). More recently, in Guacamole, Johnson and Robinson (2000) we found that as much as % of the income gap between the top and bottom of the world income distribution may be due to differences in their institutions. 4 But these findings pose as many questions as they answer: 1 . If some institutions generate more income and growth, why do a large number of societies adopt institutions that are bad for economic development? . Why do institutions that are detrimental to economic performance persist rather than being overhauled at the first opportunity? Despite the importance of these questions for understanding differences in econ omic performance across countries, there is relatively little research on this topic. In this paper, we develop a number of conjectures related to these questions. Then, in light of these ideas, we discuss three case studies of institution building and persistence: the U. S. , India and Guatemala.In the process, we also provide a brief survey of a number of theories of comparative institutions. II. Institutions As emphasized in the introduction, our focus is on the set of institutions— the organization of society— that determine economic incentives. Why such institutions and social arrangements will affect economic outcomes is clear: economic actors will only undertake investments when they expect to be rewarded for their spending and effort. In a society where property rights are not well enforced, investment and output will be low.We therefore take the degree of enforcement of property rights to be a central feature of the institutions and the broad organization of a society. To of private property, which we take to correspond to a set of institutions ensuring that a broad cross-section of society have effective property rights. 2. Extractive institutions, which place political power in the hands of a small elite. With extractive institutions, the majority of the population does not have effective property rights, since the political power of the elite means that they can hold up the citizens after they undertake their investments.We expect institutions of private property to encourage investment and development, while extractive institutions are less likely to dead to high investment and successful economic outcomes. Notice that there is more to institutions than the legal code or the formal definition of property rights at a point in time; in particular, political institutions matter. This is for the simple reason that in a society where there are few constraints on political elites, these agents can change the legal code or manipulate the ex isting property rights to their advantage. Therefore, effective constraints on political elites are an essential ingredient of institutions of private property. In reality, there are many intermediate cases teens the extremes of institutions of private property and extractive institutions, and a complex interaction between the exact form of the political and economic institutions and whether they provide effective property rights protection to citizens. There is also a deep and difficult question of how the state commits to providing property rights to the citizens (see Whiniest, 1997, for a discussion of this problem).To limit the discussion, we do not focus on these issues. So what determines whether a society ends up with institutions of private property or extractive institutions? Let us distinguish four broad theories, which we call: 1. The efficient institutions view. 2. The incidental institutions view. 3. The rent-seeking view. 4. The inappropriate institutions view. We now discuss what we mean by these different views, and examine some selective examples of institutional theories falling within each category. . The Efficient Institutions View According to this view, societies will choose the institutions that maximize their total surplus. How this surplus will be distributed among different groups or agents does not affect the choice of institutions. The underlying reasoning of this view comes from the Cease Theorem. Ronald Cease (1960) argued that when different economic parties could negotiate costless, they will be able to bargain to internalize potential externalities.The farmer, who suffers from the pollution created by the nearby factory, can pay the factory owner to reduce pollution. The same reasoning can be applied to political situations. If the current laws or institutions benefit a certain group while creating a disproportionate cost for another, these two groups can negotiate to change the institutions. By doing so they will increase the size of the total surplus (â€Å"the pie† that they have to divide between themselves), and they can hen bargain over the distribution of this additional surplus.Many different versions of the efficient institutions view have been proposed. Demesne (1967) argued that private property emerged from common property when land become sufficiently scarce and valuable that it was efficient to privative it. Other famous examples are Case's (1936) earlier work and the more formal analysis by Grossman and Hart (1986), is more concerned with the governance of firms or markets than the political organization of societies, but his reasoning was guided by the same principle.North ND Thomas applied this reasoning to the nature of feudal institutions arguing that they were an efficient contract between serfs and Lords. While Williamson and North and Thomas do not specify how different parties will reach agreement to achieve efficient institutions, Becker (1960) and Whitman (1989) have invest igated how democracies can reach such agreements via competition among pressure groups and political parties.In their view, an inefficient institution cannot be stable because a political entrepreneur has an incentive to propose a better institution and with the extra surplus generated will be able to make him more attractive to voters. We believe that, despite correctly emphasizing certain forces that are likely to be at work, the efficient institutions view does not provide the right framework for an analysis of the differences in institutions across countries. Both historical and econometric evidence suggests that the economic costs to societies of extractive institutions have been substantial.For example, our estimates in Guacamole, Johnson and Robinson (2000) suggest that changing Insignia's or Sierra Lens's institutions to those of Chile loud lead, in the long run, to a more than 7-fold increase in these countries' income. It is difficult to argue that these institutions are t herefore efficient for Nigeria, Sierra Leone or many other less-developed countries in Africa or Latin America. In the rest of the paper, we therefore focus on theories of institutions where societies may end up with institutions that are not optimal for aggregate growth or income. 2.The Incidental Institutions View The efficient institutions view is explicitly based on economic reasoning: the costs and benefits of different institutions are weighed against each other to determine which institutions should prevail. Efficiency arises because individuals calculate according to the social costs and benefits. Institutions are therefore choices. A different approach, popular among many political scientists and sociologists, is to downplay choices over institutions, but think of institutions as the byproduct of other social interactions. Here, we discuss three such theories.The first is the theory developed by Barrington Moore (1966) in his Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, th e second is Till's (1990) and Herb's (2001) theory of state formation, hill the third is Burner's (1976) theory of the emergence of capitalism in England. Barrington Moore constructed his famous theory in an attempt to explain the different paths of political development in Britain, Germany and Russia. In particular, he investigated why Britain had evolved into a democracy, while Germany succumbed to fascism and Russia had a communist revolution.Moore stressed the extent of centralization of agriculture and resulting labor relations in the countryside, the strength of the ‘bourgeoisie,' and the nature of class coalitions. In his theory, democracy emerged when there was a strong, politically assertive, immemorial middle class, and when agriculture had commercialese so that there were no feudal labor relations in the countryside. Fascism arose when the middle classes were weak and entered into a political coalition with landowners.Finally, a agriculture was not commercialese and rural labor was repressed through feudal relationships. In Moor's theory, therefore, class coalitions and the way agriculture is organized determine which political institutions will emerge. Although Moore is not explicitly concerned with economic development, it is a direct implication of his analysis that societies may end up with institutions that do not maximize income or growth, for example, when they take the communist revolution path.While this theory is highly suggestive and clearly captures some of the potentially significant comparative facts there are clear problems with it. For instance, though Moor's remark â€Å"no bourgeoisie, no democracy' is famous, it is not clear from his analysis whether this is Just an empirical correlation or a causal theory. More generally, Moore does not clarify the connection between the formation of class coalitions and political outcomes. It is also not clear whether this theory is empirically successful.There are many examples of societ ies with relatively strong capitalist classes in Latin America, such as Argentina and Chile, which did not make the transition to a consolidated democracy until recently. In fact, in these societies capitalist classes appear to have supported the coups against democracy, suggesting that the role of the poor segments of the society (the working class) in inducing demagnification could be more important than that of the bourgeoisie (see Archduchesses, Stephens and Stephens, 1992, Guacamole and Robinson, Bibb).In a very different vein, Till (1990), building on the Hibernia tradition, proposed a theory of the formation of modern states. He argued extensively that modern state institutions such as fiscal systems, bureaucracy and parliaments are closely related to the need to raise resources to fight wars and thus arose in places with incessant inter-state competition. Herbs (2001) has recently provided a substantive extension of this line of research by applying it to the evolution of st ate institutions in Africa.He argues that the poor functioning of many modern African states is due to the fact that they caked the features–high population density and inter-state warfare— necessary for the emergence of the modern state. Although interesting and sweeping, this theory does not seem to accord well with a number of major facts. In Guacamole, Johnson and Robinson (2001 a), we documented that among the former colonies, it was the less densely settled places that became richer.In fact, North America, Australia and New Zealand were very sparsely settled in 1 500, especially when compared to West Africa around the same time. Despite this, they developed effective states and institutions of private property. This suggests that the issues stressed by Till and Herbs are not the major determinants of institutions, at least, in the context of the development of institutions among the former European colonies, including Africa. Burner's (1976) theory of the rise of capitalism in Europe can also be thought as an example of the incidental institutions view.Although Brenner subscribes to the Marxist view of feudalism as an extractive institution (see next subsection), he interprets the rise of capitalism as the byproduct of the collapse of existing social institutions after the Black Death. Brenner argues that the decline of feudalism resulted from the successful class struggle by the relatively powerful British peasantry. Brenner, however, believes that the peasantry's aim was not to build capitalism; capitalism just emerged like an incidental phoenix from the ashes of feudalism.Because, economic growth required this set of (extractive) institutions to be replaced by capitalist institutions. Therefore, Burner's work also gives us an incidental- institutions theory for why some societies grow faster. None of these theories provide a framework that is at the same time consistent tit the first-order facts of comparative development and useful for generating predictions. Therefore, it is difficult to apply these theories to understand why some countries develop extractive institutions.Moreover, being trained as economists, we find it to be a shortcoming of this group of theories that institutions and political outcomes arise as byproducts, not as the direct consequences of actions taken by rational agents. The fact that the key outcomes are byproducts of other interactions, not choices, leads to the additional problem that these theories often do not generate tight empirical predictions (I. E. Comparative static). But an analysis of comparative development, above all else, requires comparative static results regarding when institutions of private property will emerge.In the remainder of the paper, we therefore focus on the rent-seeking and inappropriate institutions views to build a simple framework for comparative development. 3. The Rent-seeking View According to this view, institutions are not always chosen by the whole so ciety (and not for the benefit of the whole society), but by the groups that control political power at the time (perhaps as a result of conflict with other groups demanding more rights). These groups will choose the institutions that maximize their own rents, and the institutions that result may not coincide with those that maximize total surplus.For example, institutions that enforce property rights by restricting state predation will not be in the interest of a ruler who wants to appropriate assets in the future. By establishing property rights, this ruler would be reducing his own future rents, so may well prefer extractive institutions to institutions of private property. Therefore, equilibrium institutions will not be those that maximize the size of the overall pie, but the slice of the pie taken by the powerful groups. Why doesn't a Cease theorem type reasoning apply?Although a large literature, especially in industrial organization, has emphasized how informational problems may limit the empirical applications of the Cease theorem, we believe that the main reason for the non-applicability of the Cease theorem in politics is commitment problems (see Guacamole, 2001, for a more detailed discussion of this issue). If a ruler has political power concentrated in his hands, he cannot commit not to expropriate assets or revenues in the future. Effective property rights require that he credibly relinquishes political power to some extent.But according to the Occasion bargain, he has to be compensated for what he could have received using this power. Herein lies the problem. When he relinquishes his power, then he has no guarantees that he will receive the promised payments in the future. Therefore, by their very nature, institutions that regulate political and social power create commitment problems, and prevent Occasion bargains that are necessary to reach efficient outcomes. As an application, consider the decision of a powerful rich elite to mount a coup in a populist redistributive regime, such as that of Salvador Allendale in Chile in 1973.By undertaking a coup, the rich will ensure that economically. Why wouldn't the elite enter into a Occasion bargain with Allendale who would wish to place future restrictions on taxes so as to remove the threat of the coup? The problem, as pointed out and analyzed in Guacamole and Robinson (2001 a), is that the democracy cannot promise not to increase taxes again once the threat of the coup disappears. By its very nature, taxes are set by the politically powerful agents, determined by the institutions at that time.Promises made at the past may be worthless when they are not backed by political power. The first systematic development of this point of view is the economics literature is North (1981), who argued in the chapter on â€Å"A Neoclassical Theory of the State† that agents who controlled the state should be modeled as self-interested. He then argued that the set of property rights wh ich they would choose for society would be those that maximized their payoff and because of transactions costs' these would not necessarily be the set which maximized social welfare.Though his analysis does not clarify what he meant by transactions costs, problems of commitment might be one mispronunciation for this. The notion that elites may opt for extractive institutions to increase their incomes is of course also present in much of the Marxist and dependency theory literature. For example, Dobb (1948), Brenner (1976) and Hilton (1981) saw feudalism, contrary to North and Thomas (1976)g's model, as a set of institutions designed to extract rents from the peasants at the expense of social welfare.Dependency theorists such as Wholesalers (1974-1982), Rodney (1972), Frank (1978) and Cards and Falsetto (1979) argued that the international trading system was designed to extract rents from developing countries to the benefit of developed Mounties. Perhaps, the earliest, and often igno red, contribution to this line of reasoning is in the book by Beard (1913). Anticipating many of the insights of rational choice political science literature, Beard argued that the U. S.Constitution was an institution designed to benefit those who wrote it (such as James Madison) at the expense of the rest of society. Another important example of inefficient institutions designed to extract rents from the society is the Spanish colonial system (Stein and Stein, 1970, Coauthors, 1978, Lockhart and Schwartz, 1983). Finally, the notion that leaver is an inefficient institution designed to extract rents from slaves is also widespread (for example, Williams, 1944, Geneses, 1963, Beckoned, 1972).More recent, and for our purposes more relevant, contributions in this tradition have sought to explain comparative development. For example, in the context of Africa, Bates (1981) formulated an influential and important theory based on rent-seeking by elites. Bates argued that when elites were no t invested in the productive sectors of the economy, mostly agriculture in the context of Africa, and had to rely on urban interests to remain in power, they were likely to distort prices, for example by using marketing boards to transfer resources from the rural areas to the cities.The implications of this for political stability and economic growth were disastrous. Anger and Soulful (1997, 2000) have used related ideas to analyze long-term development in the Americas. They argued that the different paths of development observed in North and Latin America in the last 300 years were due to institutional differences. In North America institutions promoted development, in Latin America they did not. Why did Latin America develop a set of institutions that impeded Caribbean, the factor endowments were suitable for growing crops such as sugarcane.Such crops had large technical scale economies and could be cultivated by slaves, factors that led to large concentrations of landownership an d repressive institutions designed to control labor. Therefore, despite their costs for economic development, extractive institutions were adopted by elites who benefited from the system. On the other hand, in North America, factor endowments were suitable for growing crops with limited scale economies such as wheat, and this led to an egalitarian distribution of land, income and political power.Their theory therefore emphasizes the impact of factor endowments and technology on inequality and institutions building, and ultimately economic development. In Guacamole, Johnson and Robinson (2000, 2001 a), we developed a complementary theory, emphasizing how European colonialists set up institutions of private property in areas where they settled in large numbers, since these institutions were directly affecting their own investments and well-being. This led us to emphasize how European settlements ere often conducive to the development of institutions of private property in the colonies .In contrast, European colonists introduced or took over existing extractive institutions in other colonies. They were more likely to do so when they did not settle, for example due to an adverse disease environment, and when extractive institutions were more profitable, for example, as in Central America where the densely settled large population could be forced to work for low wages in plantations or mines. These extractive institutions did not benefit the society as a whole, but they were inefficacy for the Europeans, who held the political power and were the extractors.We believe that the rent-seeking view provides the best framework for thinking about why certain countries ended up with extractive institutions, and provides a number of useful comparative static, which will be discussed in Section Ill. 4. The Inappropriate Institutions View According to this view, institutions may be efficient when they are introduced, but they are also costly to change (see below on this). Ther efore, institutions that are efficient for a set of circumstances may no longer be efficient once the environment hinges. Nevertheless, it may be difficult or too costly to change these institutions at this point.The idea here goes back to Crosschecking (1963). In the context of financial institutions, Crosschecking argued that certain arrangements, such as bank finance, might be more appropriate for backward countries trying to catch up. This is widely thought to be a good explanation for why banks are more prevalent in Germany, even today when Germany is no longer a backward country. So perhaps, social arrangements that were introduced at some point as an optimal response to the resistances may continue to prevail, even after they cease to be the optimal response.In the context of financial institutions, this point is developed in Guacamole, Action and Kilobit (2001). Another economic example is the QWERTY typewriter keyboard. David (1986) argued that this was appropriate at the t ime because it slowed down the speed of typing, when the rudimentary nature of typewriters meant that rapid typing would make them Jam. However, despite the fact that the QWERTY arrangement was inefficient once the basic technology improved soon after, it has similar thesis.Perhaps, extractive institutions were appropriate for certain resistances, but they continue to apply even after they cease to be the efficient institutional arrangement. Related ideas have been suggested in the literature. For example, Wittingly (1957) argued that centralized despotism, which may not have been very costly in terms of economic outcomes in China before the 1 5th century and arose as the result of providing desirable public goods such as irrigation, persisted almost to the present, creating a substantial economic and social burden.Given how long institutions persist (see Section ‘V) the view that institutions of a different age ay continue to apply even when they become costly to economic suc cess is highly plausible. Nevertheless, in the context of comparative development, it appears more useful to combine the inappropriate institutions view with the rent-seeking view, explicitly allowing for political elites to introduce inefficient institutions. In fact, in Guacamole, Johnson and Robinson (2001 a), we suggested a hypothesis combining the rent-seeking and inappropriate institutions views, and provided evidence in favor of this hypothesis.We argued and empirically demonstrated that extractive institutions, tit power concentrated in the hand of a small elite, were much less costly during the age of agriculture than during the age of industry. When agriculture is the main source of income, and the political elite owns the land, this elite will have, to a first approximation, adequate incentives to increase the productivity of the land. In contrast, in the age of industry, many different agents, not previously part of the ruling elite, need to undertake investments and be involved in productive activities.Without effective property rights, these agents are unlikely to invest, so extractive institutions become much more costly once industrialization opportunities arrive on the scene. This explains why the sugar colonies of Barbados, Haiti and Jamaica were amongst the richest places in the world in 1700 but rapidly fell behind when industrial technologies became available. Overall, we therefore conclude that to understand the significant differences in how countries are organized, we need to move away from the pure efficiency view.Moreover, existing series of institutional differences based on the incidental institutions view cannot provide a satisfactory tarring point, and make less sharp empirical predictions, since institutions are simply byproducts of other social actions. Instead, we believe that conflict over the distribution of rents matters, and the rent seeking view provides the best starting place for an analysis of institutional differences across countries.In addition, there may be an important element of the inappropriate institutions view, so that institutions that were introduced at a certain point in time may become less appropriate and more â€Å"harmful† in the future, but may still remain in place. Ill. Institutional Origins The rent-seeking and inappropriate institutions views do not immediately generate a theory of comparative institutions. They simply point out that inefficient institutions may be chosen by political elites, and the institutions in place may become more costly for growth over time.As discussed above, by the institutions hypothesis, we mean that differences in the development experiences of countries can be explained by differences in their institutions. To make this hypothesis operational, we need to choose institutions of private property. In other words, we need to develop comparative static on institution building. This is not an easy task. In fact, some of the pioneering theories of institutions, such as North (1981), give us few clues about when we should expect extractive institutions to prevail.Here, we highlight a few potential determinants of what type of institutions politically powerful groups will choose: 1. Economic Interests: A first determinant of whether institutions of private property will emerge is whether they will lead to outcomes that are in interests of the politically powerful agents. For example, institutions that restrict state predation will not be in the interest of a ruler ho wants to appropriate assets in the future.Yet this strategy may be in the interest of a ruler who recognizes that only such guarantees will encourage citizens to undertake substantial investments or lend him money, or will protect his own rents. They will also be in the interest of the major groups that can undertake investment in production activities in the future. Anger and Solidify explanation for why extractive institutions emerged in the Caribbean but not in North America falls within this category. In the Caribbean, the factor endowments made extractive institutions more profitable for the elite.In particular, sugar production, which could exploit economies of scale and profitably employ slave labor, was conducive to a society where a small elite would control both political and economic power. Our argument in Guacamole, Johnson and Robinson (2000) for why European settlement in the colonies led to institutions of private property is also based on the same reasoning. When a large number of Europeans settled in an area, they preferred institutions enforcing property rights, since these property rights would enable them to undertake investments.Our argument in Guacamole Johnson and Robinson (2001 a) is also related. There, we suggested that high population density and relative prosperity (I. E. , GAP per capita) of the colonized territory encouraged European colonialists to set up extractive institutions. The reasoning is that high po pulation density implied a large labor force that Europeans could force to work for low wages, and both high population density and the relative prosperity of the population provided Europeans with a greater resource base for extraction or taxation. Economic interests† therefore suggest that we should expect extractive institutions to develop when the powerful agents have little to gain from enforcing property sights because they have few investment opportunities themselves and are not linked to other productive agents in the society, and when there are resources, such as crops or abundant labor, that can be effectively exploited by extractive 2.Political Losers: Another important factor is whether institutional development will destabilize the system, making it less likely that elites will remain in power after reforms. An institutional setup encouraging investment and adoption of new technologies may be blocked by elites when they fear that this process of growth and social change will